The Pentagon

The Pentagon

美国五角大楼

  The headquarters of the US military establishment is one of the largest chunks of architecture in the world: though it’s only five storeys tall, the total floor area of over 6.5 million square feet is three times that of the Empire State Building. Each of the five sides is over 900ft long, and the combined length of all the internal corridors totals up at over seventeen miles. These and other useless factoids are about all you get from visiting the behemoth building, apart from the opportunity to see at first hand the people responsible for spending billions of tax dollars on those proverbial $50,000 toilet seats. In the one novel departure from the norm, the service-personnel guides who accompany you walk backwards the entire time to ensure that disguised foreign agents don’t slip off into the restrooms.

 

The University of Cambridge

The University of Cambridge

剑桥大学

The University of Cambridge is one of the oldest universities in the world, and one of the largest in the United Kingdom. It has a world-wide reputation for outstanding academic achievement and the high quality of research undertaken in a wide range of science and arts subjects. The University pioneers work in the understanding of disease, the creation of new materials, advances in telecommunications and research into the origins of the universe. It trains doctors, vets, architects, engineers and teachers. At all levels about half of the students at Cambridge study arts and humanities subjects, many of whom have gone on to become prominent figures in the arts, print and broadcast media. The University’s achievements in the sciences can be measured by the sixty or more Nobel Prizes awarded to its members over the years.


The University is a self-governing body: the legislative authority is the Regent House, which consists of the three thousand or so members of the teaching and administrative staff of the University and Colleges who have the MA (or MA status) or a higher degree. The principal administrative body of the University is the Council, which consists mainly of members of the academic staff elected by the Regent House. The General Board of the Faculties co-ordinates the educational policy of the University and the Finance Committee of the Council supervises its financial affairs.

As Cambridge approaches its eight hundredth anniversary in 2009, it is looking to the future. The modern University is an international centre of teaching and research in a vast range of subjects: about half of the students study science or technology. Members of the University have won over sixty Nobel Prizes.

It continues to change in response to the challenges it faces. The Vice-Chancellor, for instance, is no longer a Head of College, but is a full-time administrative appointment. A Development Office and associated charitable foundation is successfully seeking funds around the world for new ventures. The 1990s have seen a major expansion of University accommodation for teaching and research. There are many major new buildings either underway or already completed, including the Law Faculty building and the Judge Institute of Management Studies, in March 1996 opened by HM The Queen.


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旧金山金门大桥

旧金山金门大桥

The orange towers of the Golden Gate Bridge – probably the most beautiful, certainly the most photographed bridge in the world – are visible from almost every point of elevation in San Francisco. The only cleft in Northern California’s 600-mile continental wall, for years this mile-wide strait was considered unbridgeable. As much an architectural as an engineering feat, the Golden Gate took only 52 months to design and build, and was opened in 1937. Designed by Joseph Strauss, it was the first really massive suspension bridge, with a span of 4200ft, and until 1959 ranked as the world’s longest. It connects the city at its northwesterly point on the peninsula to Marin County and Northern California, rendering the hitherto essential ferry crossing redundant, and was designed to withstand winds of up to a hundred miles an hour and to swing as much as 27ft. Handsome on a clear day, the bridge takes on an eerie quality when the thick white fogs pour in and hide it almost completely.

You can either drive or walk across. The drive is the more thrilling of the two options as you race under the bridge’s towers, but the half-hour walk across it really gives you time to take in its enormous size and absorb the views of the city behind you and the headlands of Northern California straight ahead. Pause at the midway point and consider the seven or so suicides a month who choose this spot, 260ft up, as their jumping-off spot. Monitors of such events speculate that victims always face the city before they leap. In 1995, when the suicide toll from the bridge had reached almost 1000, police kept the figures quiet to avoid a rush of would-be suicides going for the dubious distinction of being the thousandth person to leap.

Perhaps the best-loved symbol of San Francisco, in 1987 the Golden Gate proved an auspicious place for a sunrise party when crowds gathered to celebrate its fiftieth anniversary. Some quarter of a million people turned up (a third of the city’s entire population); the winds were strong and the huge numbers caused the bridge to buckle, but fortunately not to break.

 


White House

White House

White House
白宫



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世界上最易识别的建筑,没有到过白宫,就没有到过华盛顿。

One of the most recognizable[1] structures in the world, one can ‘t say they’re been to Washington D.C. until they have seen the White House. The home of the leader of the free world is open to the public five days a week from 10 – noon.

Originally known as the Executive Mansion[2], construction of the White House began in 1792 under the direction of George Washington. The structure was not completed until 1800, so ironically[3] Washington is the only President not to live there.

The executive mansion was torched by British troops in 1814, during the War of 1812. The structural damage caused by the fire was repaired but the exterior sandstone walls were still black with fire damage. The walls were then painted white, giving birth to the nick name “The White House”. An act of Congress made this the official name in 1902.

Every President has left his mark upon the White House. Thomas Jefferson added terraces to the east and west wings, Andrew Jackson installed running water, and Harry Truman added a porch. Bill Clinton’s addition to the White House was an indoor-running track(Used to relieve tension and cheeseburgers).

In order to visit the White House, you must first pick up a free ticket from the White House Visitor Center located at 1450 Pennsylvania Ave. During the height of tourist season, tickets are nearly impossible to get. Get in line by 7AM (the facility opens at 7:30) and you might have a chance. Ignore the scalpers that are selling free tickets.

Guided tours can be arranged by contacting your representative or senator. Be on the look-out for Wolf Blitzer or other famous White House correspondents. Due to recent developments in the news, the number of reporters that usually surround the White house have swelled dramatically.

The White House tour probably ranks high on a visitor’s list of things to do while in Washington D.C., but the process to get tickets will definitely test your determination. The White House is open Tues. – Sat. from 10 AM – Noon, but you need to get one of the free tickets for admittance. Herein lies the problem, because tickets for that day’s’ tours can only be picked up at the White House Visitors Center and they run out very quickly. Although the center opens at 7:30 AM, the line to get tickets starts to form sometime around five. Therefore most people have to be satisfied with seeing only the exterior of the White House. The Visitors Center has nice displays on the history of the White House to mollify the disappointed visitors who couldn’t get tickets. Don’t expect to get tickets for the tour if you arrive after 9 AM.

If you are lucky enough to get tickets, they will be stamped with the departure time of your tour. Bleachers have been set up on the Ellipse so visitors can sit until the tour staff collects them. The twenty minute tour consists of five rooms: The East Room, Green Room, Blue Room, Red Room and the State Dining Room.


The President’s Garden

The lovely White House gardens of today and those that preceded[4] them are the theme of the President’s Garden organized by the White House Historical Association, the White House Curator’s Office, and the Superintendent of the Grounds fo rthe White House in cooperation with the National Park Service. The exhibit traces the history of the White House grounds from the 1790′s to the present day and displays more than 60 historic black and white and color photographs, paintings, documents and other illustrations from the past and present.

White House Visitor Center, 1450 Pennsylvania Ave., NW. Open daily from 7:30am to 4pm. For more information cal the National Park Service at (202) 619-6350.

注释:

[1]recognizable
adj. 可认识的

[2]Mansion
n.官邸, 公寓

[3]ironically
adv. 说反话地, 讽刺地

[4]precede
v. 领先(于), 在…之前


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转:The graceless colossus of Bucki…

转:The graceless colossus of Buckingham Palace

白金汉宫Aug & Sept daily 9.30am–4.15pm; £9.50; advance booking on tel 0171/930 4832. Victoria tube.

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The graceless colossus of Buckingham Palace, popularly known as “Buck House”, has served as the monarch’s permanent London residence only since the accession of Victoria. Bought by George III in 1762, the building was overhauled by Nash in the late 1820s, and again by Aston Webb in time for George V’s coronation in 1913, producing a palace that’s about as bland as it’s possible to be.

For two months of the year, the hallowed portals are grudgingly nudged open; timed tickets are sold from the tent-like box office in Green Park at the western end of The Mall. The interior, however, is a bit of an anticlimax: of the palace’s 660 rooms you’re permitted to see just 18, and there’s little sign of life, as the Queen decamps to Scotland every summer. For the other ten months of the year there’s little to do here, since the palace is closed to visitors – not that this deters the crowds who mill around the railings, and gather in some force to watch the Changing of the Guard, in which a detachment of the Queen’s Foot Guards marches to appropriate martial music from St James’s Palace (unless it rains, that is).

You can view a small selection of the Royal Collection – which is more than three times larger than the National Gallery’s – at the Queen’s Picture Gallery (daily 9.30am–4.30pm; £4), round the south side of the palace on Buckingham Palace Road. The exhibitions usually include some works by Reynolds, Gainsborough, Vermeer, Rubens, Rembrandt and Canaletto, which make up the bulk of the collection.

There’s more pageantry on show at the Nash-built Royal Mews (April–Sept Tues–Thurs noon–4pm; Oct–Dec Wed only; £3.50), further along Buckingham Palace Road. The royal carriages, lined up under a glass canopy in the courtyard, are the main attraction, in particular the Gold Carriage, made for George III in 1762, smothered in 22-carat gilding and weighing four tons, its axles supporting four life-size figures.


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在小学英语教育中的启发式教学

在小学英语教育中的启发式教学

 

            在小学英语教育中的启发式教学 
内容概要:
启发式教学是一种切实有效的教学方法,是一种教学指导思想,但在教学实践中,尤其是小学英语教学中,如何达到最佳的教学效果,是一个需要总结探讨的问题。本人通过学习和实践,得出一些心得和体会。
1.       启发式教育的渊源
2.       启发式教学在运用中存在地问题
3.        我对启发式教学的认识和在实践中的运用
中国教育史上最早的系统总结教学理论的著作《学记》,对教学启发方法与技巧有精辟的论述:所谓“君子之教”,喻也:“道而弗牵;强而弗抑;开而弗达。道而弗牵则和;强而弗抑则易;开而弗达则思。和易以思,可谓善喻矣”。意即:优秀教师教学总是注重启发诱导学生,使之晓明事理:引导学生而不牵着学生走;鼓励学生而不强迫学生走;启发学生而不代替学生达成结论。道而弗达,才能使学生独立思考。师生融洽,学习愉快,又能独立思考,这就叫做善于自发诱导。在我国,“启发”一词源于《论语·述而》篇:“子曰:‘不愤不启,不悱不发。举一隅不以三隅反,则不复也。’”孔子启发教育的涵义是:教导学生,不到他想弄明白而又弄不明白的时候,不去启示他的思路:不到他想说而又说不出来的时候,不去开导他的表述。举出一个方面的事理启发他,而他却不能推知领悟其它与此相联的三个方面的事理,我就不再告诉他。
德国民主主义教育第斯多惠也对教学启发技巧思想的理论化做出卓越的贡献。他认为“教育就是引导
”,要调动学生的主动性。这是启发性教学的首要原理,也是教学成功的基础和标志,“教师只有在起引导作用时,才能在教学过程中发展儿童的主动性。”他建议:教学要采用发展的方法,即启发学生的智力,使他们能够“探求、考虑、判断、发现。”他的名言是:“不好的教师是传授真理,好的教师是教学生去发现真理。”综上所述,我认为在英语教学中启发式教学的涵义可以概括为:教师充分调动学生学习的积极性和主动性,遵循教学的客观规律,以高超精湛的技艺适时巧妙地启迪、诱导学生去学习,帮助他们学会动脑筋思考和语言表达,生动活泼、轻松愉快地获得发展。

                  我国推行素质教育的核心之一就是要培养学生的创造力,要培养创造力首先就是要培养学生的思维能力。著名教育家苏霍姆林斯基曾经过说过:“真正的学校乃是一个积极思考的王国。”可见,有效地利用多种途径和方法来启发学生的思维,促进学生智慧的真正发展,是目前构成课堂教学技巧的重要组成部分。
但启发式教学并不是立竿见影,一用就能产生很大的效果的。在教学过程中会经常出现“启而不发”的现象。造成这种现象的原因,一是可能学生本身的学习积极性不高,不能主动地参与教学过程,对教师的启发引导反应迟缓。二是可能教师的问题缺乏启发性,所提的问题太抽象,太庞大,或者跳跃太大,缺乏循序渐进,致使学生的思维跟不上。在运用启发式教学时也要讲究方法与技巧,不能误把“满堂问”当作启发式教学方法与技巧的法宝。提问启发,仅仅是启发教学方法与技巧的一种形式和方法,而不是它的全部。“满堂问”看起来很“热闹”,其实如果不注意设问的对象、质量、层次,不注意启发的目的,自始至终都是一个样子,一个架式,学生没有进入被启发的角色,这样的问,问得更多,效果也不会大甚至是浪费时间。我们必须认识到启发式教学的方法是多种多样的,有时,教师不置一言,没有提出什么问题。但是一个眼神、一个手势,或仅仅作出某种暗示,都会诱发学生的思路和联想,同样具有启发性,收到“此时无声胜有声”的效果。通过实践,我总结归纳如下常见的方法:

                  一、情景设置法
教学中创设一定的“愤”、“悱”情境,让学生在特定的情感氛围中学习,有利于激发学习兴趣,调动学习积极性。例如,我在讲动词“help”的不同用法时,我利用电脑多媒体播放了一个顾客买东西时店员问他:“Can
I help
you?”的情景片断和一个人落水后大叫“help”的情景画面,然后让学生自己体会它们之间在不同的情景中的不同含义并解释出来,这样学生不但理解了这一词的用法而且由于借助于情景记忆印象很深且不易忘记。

                  二、情感共鸣法
课堂教学不仅有师生之间知识信息的传递,更有师生之间情感的交流。现代心理学的研究表明:那种明朗的、乐观的心情有助于思泉喷涌,而郁郁寡欢、万马齐喑的苦闷心情则抑制人的思维。因而,教师在课堂教学中要像音乐指挥那样激起学生的情绪,使之思维活跃,注意力集中,从而为进一步启发奠定良好的基础。课堂上激情启发的方法很多,常见的有:1、通过放录像、录音或生动讲述,使学生仿佛身如其境,产生情感上的共鸣从而情不自禁地去思维、去探索。例如,我教“Air
Pollution”一课时,我就放了一段关于污染的录像,那些由污染产生的可怕的后果深深地触动了学生,为我进一步启发学生理解课文起到了良好的效果。2、找一件能引起学生丰富想象的物品,使学生睹物思情,如英语课教“我的一家”时,教师让学生拿出自己家庭的合影,然后用英语介绍,借以激发学生的家庭观念及热爱父母的心情。利用多媒体教学来激发学生对英语学习的兴趣,如上“Life
in the
future”这课时,利用自制的CAI课件给同学看电脑在各个领域中应用的具体例子,使学生对电脑有了感性的认识,激发他们对本课的兴趣,从生理学上来说,教师的自信、兴奋、惊奇、赞叹,对学生大脑两半球神经细胞的活动起很大的作用。因而教师在课堂上要饱含感情,并通过自己健康向上的感情去感染学生,使他们从中受到鼓舞和鞭策,调动起思维积极性,体验到成功的欢乐。

                  三、设疑解疑法
“疑”是探求知识的起点,也是启发学生思维的支点。会不会“设疑”是一个教师教学技巧的表现。南宋理学家朱熹说:“读书无疑者,须教有疑,有疑者,却要无疑,到这里方是长进。”一个教师,在课堂教学时要注意从“疑”入手,巧设悬念,启发学生思维。换句话说,就是要善于引导学生提出问题、分析问题、解决问题,即善于引导学生生疑、质疑、解疑。应当指出的是,设疑不同于一般的课堂提问。它不是让学生马上回答,而是设法造成思维上的悬念,使学生处于暂时的困惑状态,进而激发解疑的动因和兴趣。例如,有一次讲到介词后动词的变化问题,一学生说介词后的动词全部都要用-ing形式,于是我就在黑板上写出一句子:The
boy did nothing in the classroom but
,然后介绍but后用sleep还是sleeping?学生中大多数人都认应用后者。于是,我颇具哲理地启发道:“真理不一定掌握在多数人手中喔。”这就形成了一个“悬念”,学生大脑皮层优势兴奋中心迅速形成,激起了解决问题的兴趣与需要,然而,我并没有直接告诉他们答案,而是让他们自己回家查资料,第二天告诉我。这样,我不但通过设疑启发学生去思考而且也培养了他们学习的主动性。

                  四、讨论分析法
教师将启发贯穿于讲练中,通过循循善诱,步步启发,调动全体学生的思维共同研究、讨论、分析、解决问题或提出问题后组织学生自己分组讨论,利用集体的智慧来解决问题。这一方法在理解课文和处理难点问题上较为常用且效果明显,特别在用于培养学生的创造性思维方面尤为有效。例如,我在上“Aswan
Dam”一课时,待学生理解课文后我为了培养学生的创造性思维就问道:“一个国家花费了那么多时间和钱财建造这么一个大坝,应该如何充分利用呢?”然后让学生讨论。学生们你一言,我一语,提出了很多主意,我则时而给予鼓励,时而提出反对意见使他们的思维更严谨,看问题更全面。例如,一个学生提出可把大坝上作为公路一段。我就提醒说那会污染水资源,如果一辆油罐车在大坝上翻车了怎么办?我国的水资源保护法也有类似的条款。其他学生也提出要开发旅游项目、发展水养殖业等等,整个课堂气氛相当活跃,学生思维也非常积极,效果很好。

                  五、提示点拨法
课堂教学时,当学生思维出现故障时,教师可以通过语言、手势、表情等种种方法,给学生以暗示,或接通学生的思路,让他顺利得解决某一问题:或提醒学生思维中出现某些偏差,让他们迅速回到正确的思路上来。如教师在处理课文时可把课文中的重点、难点以及一些关键词按段落板书在黑板上,这样在之后让学生复述课文时,如学生遇到困难老师就可以用板书来暗示内容,帮助学生完成复述。点拨法也是在学生思维受阻时,引起认知过程中断时给予的指点、启发。所不同的是,暗示启发,教师只作暗示,不明确说出答案;而点拨启发,教师应把某些话说在明处。当然这些话只能说在关键处,否则就谈不上“点拨”了。

                  六、对比法
强烈、鲜明的对比往往能给学生留下深刻的印象,有利于学生理解和记忆。这种方法一般用来帮助学生区别那些似是而非,看来起差不多但实际上有较大区别、容易混淆的词、词组或语法概念等。例如,初中学生往往对一般过去时和现在完成时的用法颇感困惑,我就在教现在完成时的同时注意与一般过去加以对比,在教高中学生中把现在完成时同现在完成进行时加以对比,从而使学生从困惑中得到较清晰的概念。

                  七、类比法
利用某类事物在某些特征上的相似之处,启发学生从甲物联想到乙物,并学会运用甲物的分析方法来分析乙物。例如,我在给学生们讲the
other与another的区别时,我就先在another的“an”与“other”之间画一条竖线,然后启发学生根据冠词the、
an之间的区别去思考the other与
another之间的区别,即通过分析两个冠词与两个不定代词之间的共同特征,进而从不定冠词和定冠词之间的不同迁移思维出两个不定代词之间类似的区别。这样,不但帮助学生通过类比法解决了问题而且又教会了学生一种思维方法。


来源: http://gljy.nje.cn/gljyynew/HTMLNEWS/39/294/2009121585938.htm

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赞歌献给这一天

赞歌献给这一天

 黑人女诗人伊丽莎白·亚历山大在奥巴马就职典礼上献诗:《赞歌献给这一天》

  Praise song for the day

  Each day we go about our business, walking past each other, catching each others’ eyes or not, about to speak or speaking. All about us is noise. All about us is noise and bramble, thorn and din, each one of our ancestors on our tongues. Someone is stitching up a hem, darning a hole in a uniform, patching a tire, repairing the things in need of repair.

  Someone is trying to make music somewhere with a pair of wooden spoons on an oil drum with cello, boom box, harmonica, voice.

  A woman and her son wait for the bus.

  A farmer considers the changing sky; A teacher says, “Take out your pencils. Begin.”

  We encounter each other in words, words spiny or smooth, whispered or declaimed; words to consider, reconsider.

  We cross dirt roads and highways that mark the will of someone and then others who said, “I need to see what’s on the other side; I know there’s something better down the road.”

  We need to find a place where we are safe; We walk into that which we cannot yet see.

  Say it plain, that many have died for this day. Sing the names of the dead who brought us here, who laid the train tracks, raised the bridges, picked the cotton and the lettuce, built brick by brick the glittering edifices they would then keep clean and work inside of.

  Praise song for struggle; praise song for the day. Praise song for every hand-lettered sign; The figuring it out at kitchen tables.

  Some live by “Love thy neighbor as thy self.”

  Others by first do no harm, or take no more than you need.

  What if the mightiest word is love, love beyond marital, filial, national. Love that casts a widening pool of light. Love with no need to preempt grievance.

  In today’s sharp sparkle, this winter air, anything can be made, any sentence begun.

  On the brink, on the brim, on the cusp — praise song for walking forward in that light.

  黑人女诗人伊丽莎白·亚历山大在奥巴马就职典礼上献诗:《赞歌献给这一天》

  每天我们忙自己的事,走过彼此身边,让对方看见或无视自己,想说或正在说话。我们的一切只是噪音。我们的一切只是噪音和钩刺,荆棘和喧嚣,我们谈论每一位祖先。有人在缝褶边,有人在补制服上的洞,有人在补轮胎,修补需要修补的东西。

  有人试着用一双木匙打击油鼓,伴着大提琴、轰鸣的音箱、口琴和人声,在某处演奏音乐。

  一个女人和儿子在等公汽。

  一个农夫思忖着变幻的天空;一个教师说:“拿出铅笔。开始。”

  我们彼此在词语中相遇,多刺或光滑的词语,喃喃低语或慷慨陈词;推敲、再推敲的词语。

  我们穿过尘土的路和高速公路,它们是某人意志的记号,而别的人说:“我要看看另一边有什么,我知道路的前面有更好的。”

  我们需要找一个安全的地方,我们走进未能看见的地方。

  明白说吧,许多人为了这一天死去。歌唱死者的名字吧,他们把我们带到此地,他们铺设铁轨,架起桥梁,摘棉花和莴苣,一砖一瓦地建造闪耀的大厦,他们希望保持干净,在里面工作。

  赞美斗争,赞美这一天。赞美每一块手写的牌子,在厨房餐桌上想出来的。

  有人活着,“爱人如己”。

  有人相信首先不要损人,或仅取所需。

  如果最崇高的词是爱,那么爱超越了婚姻、亲子、民族。爱投射出扩大的光圈。爱无怨尤。

  在今天的耀眼闪光中,在这个冬天的空气中,一切皆可造就,一切从此开始。

  在悬崖的边缘,在酒杯的边缘,在极点——赞美那光明中的前行。


来源: http://gljy.nje.cn/gljyynew/HTMLNEWS/39/288/201133152156.htm

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